Annexation of Baluchistan

Baluchistan’s annexation is a complex and historically significant topic. The region of Baluchistan, which spans parts of present-day Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, was gradually annexed by these states over time. Here’s a breakdown of events:

1. Annexation by Iran (1979):

• Background: The Iranian portion of Baluchistan, often referred to as Hormozgan, Kerman, Khorasan South and North and Sistan-Baluchistan, had long been part of Iran due to historical Persian influence. However, tensions escalated in the 20th century as Baluch nationalists sought autonomy and recognition of their cultural identity.
• 1979 Iranian Revolution: After the fall of the Pahlavi monarchy and the rise of the Islamic Republic of Iran under Ayatollah Khomeini, the Baluch people faced increased repression.
• Annexation Details:
  • Although Iran had controlled the area earlier, the 1979 revolution solidified Tehran’s grip on Baluchistan.
  • Any Baluch nationalist movements seeking independence or autonomy were forcefully suppressed by the new regime.
  • The Baluch population was marginalized further through military action, religious policies, and economic neglect, with the region being one of the poorest in Iran.

2. Annexation by Pakistan (1948):

• Background: Before British India’s partition in 1947, much of Baluchistan was under the control of the Kalat State, a semi-autonomous region ruled by the Baluch Khans.
• Events Leading to Annexation:
  • After the partition, the Khan of Kalat, Mir Ahmad Yar Khan, declared Baluchistan’s independence on August 11, 1947, as a sovereign state.
  • However, Pakistan, seeking to consolidate its newly formed borders, pressured Kalat to accede to Pakistan.
  • On March 27, 1948, after political negotiations and military pressure, the Khan of Kalat was compelled to sign the Instrument of Accession, formally merging Baluchistan with Pakistan.
  • This act was met with resistance from Baluch nationalists, who viewed it as forced annexation rather than a voluntary union.
• Aftermath:
  • Baluch nationalist movements have continued to this day, seeking autonomy or independence.
  • Pakistan divided Baluchistan into administrative regions, diluting the Baluch identity.

3. Annexation by Afghanistan:

• Unlike Iran and Pakistan, Afghanistan’s annexation of Baluch lands was a slower process, predating the 20th century.
• Historical Context: During the 19th century, the Baluch territories stretched into western Afghanistan. However, through conquests and treaties, Afghan rulers incorporated these regions into their state.
• Impact:
  • The Baluch living in Afghanistan became a minority and faced pressures to integrate into Afghan society.
  • They maintained their tribal identity but lacked significant political autonomy.

Baluchistan and the divide of a Brave land.

The annexation of Baluchistan was not a singular event but occurred gradually under different powers:

• Iran in 1979 solidified its control during the Islamic Revolution.
• Pakistan annexed Baluchistan in 1948 through political and military pressure.
• Afghanistan absorbed portions of Baluchistan earlier in its history.

The Baluch people, who have a distinct cultural, linguistic, and tribal identity, continue to resist these annexations, striving for recognition, autonomy, and self-determination. Their struggle reflects a broader desire to reclaim their historical sovereignty and preserve their heritage.